Both synthetic androgens and environmental endocrine disruptors can bind to androgen receptors (AR) in target tissues. Structurally similar to estrogen but can also interact with androgen receptors. Exposure linked to reproductive abnormalities, reduced sperm count, and altered sexual development. Interfere with testosterone synthesis by affecting enzymes involved in steroidogenesis.For example, reasons for 2 of the 6 fenugreek seed extract studies and 1 of the 4 ashwagandha root/leaf studies not achieving significant differences between groups were not discussed. This means that testosterone may have a greater physiological effect in the body when concentrations of these biomarkers are elevated. Moreover, fenugreek seed extracts also demonstrated a positive effect on BT concentrations. For bundesverband-kosmetik , in an animal study, Asian ginseng reduced the activity of 5α-reductase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (80).For example, studies in this review, such as Guo et al. (42), identified a significant increase in lean body mass in addition to a significant increase in testosterone concentrations from 12 wk of supplementation with a fenugreek seed extract. Fenugreek seed extracts (positive findings in 4 out of 6 studies) and ashwagandha root and root/leaf extracts (positive findings in 3 out of 4 studies) demonstrated the most consistent increases in testosterone concentrations. The main findings of this review indicate that some herbs, particularly fenugreek seed extracts and ashwagandha extracts, have positive effects on testosterone concentrations in men.In wehrle , environmental endocrine disruptors such as phthalates, BPA, and PCBs can interfere with normal hormone function, leading to adverse health effects. Synthetic androgens like AAS and SARMs are designed to enhance specific androgenic effects, often used therapeutically. By altering the levels of enzymes such as 5α-reductase and aromatase, these chemicals can affect the overall balance of androgens and estrogens in the body.Two studies out of 32 included both male and female participants (2488 participants in total; 2446 males and 42 females). The initial search identified 4384 unique studies, of which 32 randomized controlled trials were identified as eligible following assessment using the selection criteria (Figure 1) (35–66). FT or BT (the combination of FT and albumin-bound, “weakly-bound” testosterone) have been suggested as more effective measures for diagnosing AD, particularly as men age (32). Testosterone, its fractions, and binding proteins were all examined in this systematic review.By inhibiting hairplus and affecting visceral fat deposition, testosterone contributes to the more centralized fat distribution pattern observed in males. The combined effects of these mechanisms result in a more centralized fat distribution pattern in males. Testosterone counteracts the effects of cortisol, a hormone that promotes fat storage, particularly in the visceral region.Increased IGF-1 levels lead to greater activation of IGF-1 receptors on muscle cells, further stimulating the anabolic processes. This binding recruits coactivators and the transcriptional machinery, leading to the increased transcription of genes involved in muscle growth and protein synthesis. Testosterone exerts its effects on protein synthesis and muscle growth primarily through its interaction with the androgen receptor (AR).